All cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA.
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles:
Nucleus → DNA storage
Ribosome → protein synthesis
ER → protein/lipid processing
Golgi → modification & packaging
Mitochondria → ATP production
Chloroplast → photosynthesis
Plasma membrane follows the Fluid Mosaic Model.
Passive transport:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport requires ATP.
Surface Area : Volume ratio decreases as cells grow larger.